What is the primary pigment responsible for darker skin tones?

The primary pigment responsible for darker skin tones is melanin. This naturally occurring substance is produced by melanocytes in the skin and plays a crucial role in determining the color of skin, hair, and eyes. Melanin is vital for protecting the skin from the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, as it absorbs and dissipates some of this energy, helping to prevent DNA damage that can lead to skin cancers. The amount and type of melanin produced by an individual varies based on genetic factors and can lead to a range of skin tones, from very light to very dark.

Other substances listed, such as carotene, collagen, and elastin, are important for different functions within the skin but are not directly responsible for skin pigmentation. Carotene is a pigment found in plants that can contribute to a yellowish hue in the skin but does not determine darker skin tones. Collagen is a protein that provides structure and support to the skin, while elastin contributes to the skin's elasticity, neither of which influence pigmentation.